AN ALLY’S GUIDE TO
TERMINOLOGY
Talking About LGBT People & Equality
INTRODUCTION The words we use to talk about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people and issues can have a powerful impact on our conversations. The right words can help open people’s hearts and minds, while others can create distance or confusion. For example, the abbreviation “LGBT” is commonly used within the movement for lesbian, gay, bi and transgender equality, but it can be confusing and alienating to people who don’t understand what it means (for many media and mainstream audiences, the term gay and transgender is more accessible without being overwhelming). Designed for new allies who want to support LGBT Americans but often face an array of confusing terminology and language, this short guide offers an overview of essential vocabulary, terms to avoid, and a few key messages for talking about various issues. The Talking About LGBT Issues series, available online at www.lgbtmap.org/talking-about-lgbt-issues-series and www.glaad.org/talkingabout, provides additional recommendations and resources.
GAY, LESBIAN & BI Terms to Use •• gay (adj.) •• lesbian (n. or adj.) •• bi (adj.) •• bisexual (adj., if needed on first reference for clarity)
•• being gay
Usage Examples “gay people” “gay man/men” “lesbian couple” “bi men and women”
Terms to Avoid •• “homosexual” •• “same-sex” •• “gay” (n.) (as in, “He is a gay.”)
“He is gay.” / ”She is a lesbian.” / “He is bi.”
“She talked about being gay.”
(on first reference, if needed for clarity)
“a person’s orientation” “Sexual orientation can be a complex topic. A person’s orientation is…”
•• “homosexuality” •• “lesbianism” •• “That’s so gay.” (a
•• “sexual preference” •• “gay lifestyle” •• “homosexual lifestyle”
•• “same-sex attractions”
•• “sexual identity” •• gay and transgender •• lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (if needed for clarity)
•• openly gay
“laws that protect gay and transgender people”
“She is openly lesbian.” / “He is openly bi.”
Gay is an adjective, not a noun; it is sometimes used as a shorthand term encompassing gay, lesbian and bi sexual orientations (though not transgender people or gender identity). Also, while many lesbians may identify as gay, the term lesbian(s) is clearer when talking only about a woman or women. Anti-gay activists often use words like “homosexual” to stigmatize gay people by reducing their lives to purely sexual terms.
hurtful slur)
•• orientation •• sexual orientation
Explanation
•• “LGBT” (when talking with those who are unfamiliar with the issues or not yet supportive)
•• “admitted he was gay”
Talking about a person’s “homosexuality” can, in some cases, reduce the life of that person to purely sexual terms. Talk about being gay instead. The term “lesbianism” is considered pejorative. The term “sexual preference” is used by anti-gay activists to suggest that being gay is a choice, and therefore can be changed or “cured.” Similarly, the term “gay lifestyle” is used to stigmatize gay people and suggest that their lives should be viewed only through a sexual lens. Just as one would not talk about a “straight lifestyle,” don’t talk about a “gay lifestyle.”
Reference sexual orientation and gender identity when talking about issues pertaining to both. (See Transgender on the next page for more information.) The abbreviation “LGBT” can be confusing and alienating for those who are unfamiliar with the issues or not yet supportive—though it is essential when talking to LGBT and strongly supportive audiences. Use the term that allows your audience to stay focused on the message without creating confusion about your intended meaning. The term “admitted” suggests prior deception or that being gay is shameful.
TRANSGENDER The term transgender refers to people whose gender identity (the sense of gender that every person feels inside) or gender expression is different from the sex that was assigned to them at birth. At some point in their lives, transgender people decide they must live their lives as the gender they have always known themselves to be, and often transition to living as that gender. Terms to Use •• transgender (adj.)
Usage Examples “transgender person” “transgender advocate” “transgender inclusion”
Terms to Avoid •• “transgendered” •• “a transgender” (n.) •• “transgenders” (n.) •• “transvestite” •• “tranny”
Explanation Transgender is an adjective, not a noun. Be careful not to call someone “a transgender.” Do not add an unnecessary “-ed” to the term (“transgendered”), which connotes a condition of some kind. Never use the term “transvestite” to describe a transgender person. The shorthand trans is often used within the LGBT community, but may not be understood by general audiences. Always use a transgender person’s chosen name. Also, a person who identifies as a certain gender should be referred to using pronouns consistent with that gender. When it isn’t possible to ask what pronoun a person would prefer, use the pronoun that is consistent with the person’s appearance and gender expression.
•• gender identity •• gender expression
“Everyone should be treated fairly, regardless of gender identity or expression.”
•• “sexual identity” (the correct term is gender identity)
•• “transgender identity” (use gender identity to refer to a person’s internal sense of gender)
•• transition
“She began transitioning last year.”
•• “sex change” •• “sex-change operation”
•• “pre-operative” / “post-operative”
•• “pre-op” / ”post-op”
Not everyone who is transgender identifies that way; many transgender people simply identify as male or female. Also, note that gender identity (one’s internal sense of gender) and gender expression (how a person outwardly expresses their gender) are not interchangeable terms.
Transition is the accurate term that does not fixate on surgeries, which many transgender people do not or cannot undergo. Terms like “pre-op” or “postop” unnecessarily fixate on a person’s anatomy and should be avoided.
OVERVIEW: TALKING ABOUT EQUALITY FOR LGBT PEOPLE Effective conversations about LGBT issues frame those issues in authentic, emotionally compelling ways that resonate with people’s values. When conversations about equality are rooted in the common ground we share, it’s difficult to cast LGBT people as being “other,” “different” or “not like me.” It also makes it more difficult for Americans to ignore or dismiss the harms and injustices that LGBT people face. When talking about equality for LGBT people:
•• Use the language of common values, beliefs, hopes and dreams. •• Make it about people and their stories, not policies. •• Remind people that LGBT people are everyday Americans who live ordinary lives. Gay and transgender people are neighbors, coworkers and friends who also walk the dog, mow the lawn, shop for groceries, etc. For example: “This is about everyday Americans who want the same chance as everyone else to pursue health and happiness, earn a living, be safe in their communities, serve their country, and take care of the ones they love.” For more information, see Talking About LGBT Issues: Overall Approaches, available at www.lgbtmap.org and www.glaad.org.
Terms to Use •• fairly and equally •• fairness and equality
Usage Examples “Everyone should be treated fairly and equally.” “She supports fairness and equality.”
Terms to Avoid
Explanation
•• “rights” •• “civil rights” •• “gay rights”
“Rights” language is generally unpersuasive with most audiences, and civil rights comparisons can be especially alienating to African Americans.
Avoid highly charged, argumentative terms like “hate” and “bigotry,” which are likely to alienate people. Instead, use language that is measured and relatable to create empathy and a sense of how rejecting attitudes and actions hurt LGBT people.
•• intolerance •• rejection •• exclusion •• unfairness •• hurtfulness
“This is the kind of exclusion and intolerance that divides our community.”
•• “hate” / “haters” /
“Rejection by one’s family can be the most hurtful of all.”
•• “prejudice”
•• anti-gay activists •• far-right activists
“the hurtful rhetoric of anti-gay activists”
•• “religious extremists/
“hatred”
•• “bigot” / ”bigots” / “bigotry”
extremism”
•• “anti-gay Christians”
Avoid language that unfairly paints an entire religious tradition or denomination as being antigay or extremist.
TALKING ABOUT MARRIAGE & RELATIONSHIP RECOGNITION In conversations about marriage for gay and lesbian couples, it is important to:
•• Focus on the values of marriage and what marriage is about: loving, committed couples who want to make a lifelong promise to take care of and be responsible for each other, always.
•• Use stories to illustrate how the denial of marriage hurts gay couples and makes it harder for loving, committed couples to take care of and be responsible for each other.
•• Talk about the importance of being the type of person who cares about others and who opposes putting committed gay couples in harm’s way, which is what happens when they are denied the ability to marry.
•• Avoid getting distracted by opponents’ rhetoric (such as misleading claims about “redefining marriage” or the notion that gay people are a “threat to marriage”) by keeping a clear focus on the values of marriage and how the denial of marriage hurts gay couples. For more information, see Talking About Marriage & Relationship Recognition, available at www.lgbtmap.org and www.glaad.org.
Terms to Use •• marriage •• exclusion from marriage
•• denial of marriage
Usage Examples “Excluding loving, committed gay couples from marriage makes it harder for them to take care of and be responsible for each other.”
Terms to Avoid •• “gay marriage” •• “same-sex marriage”
Explanation Gay couples and straight couples want to marry for similar reasons, and they seek to join the institution of marriage as it currently exists. Just as it would be inappropriate to call the marriage of two older adults “elder marriage,” it is inappropriate to call the marriage of a lesbian or gay couple “gay marriage” or “same-sex marriage.” If additional clarity is needed, use marriage for gay (or gay and lesbian) couples. Also, while the term “marriage equality” can be helpful when talking with those who are supportive of marriage for gay and lesbian couples, it can create confusion and barriers to understanding for other audiences. When possible, simply talk about marriage, without qualifiers or modifiers.
•• love, commitment, responsibility, promise
•• taking care of the one you love
“Marriage is about love, commitment, responsibility, and a lifelong promise two people make to take care of each other and be there for each other, always.”
•• “marriage rights” •• “marriage benefits”
There is sometimes a misperception that gay couples only marry for “rights” and “benefits.” To avoid this, focus on the values of love, commitment and responsibility that gay couples bring to marriage, and the importance of a couple being able to take care of and be there for each other. Also, focus on how gay and straight couples alike share similar hopes and dreams for marriage. But instead of taking shortcuts by using phrases like “exactly the same” or “just the same,” spend time exploring the common ground and values (like commitment, responsibility and love) that we share.
Note: These approaches for talking about marriage can also be helpful in talking about other forms of relationship recognition, such as domestic partnerships or civil unions. However, note that in many states that allow domestic partnerships, gay couples have been barred from a dying partner’s bedside and denied the ability to say goodbye to the person they love. That just doesn’t happen when a couple is married, and it’s one of the reasons why marriage matters to gay and straight couples alike.
TALKING ABOUT NON-DISCRIMINATION LAWS When talking about non-discrimination laws that protect LGBT people from being unjustly fired from their jobs, remind people of our common, shared values:
•• Fair and equal treatment, for everyone (“All residents should be treated fairly and equally by the laws of our city/state.”) •• The importance of hard work and the chance to earn a living (“All hardworking people in our city/state, including gay and transgender people, should have the chance to earn a living and provide for themselves and their families. Nobody should have to live in fear that they can be legally fired for reasons that have nothing to do with their job performance.”) For more information, see Talking About Inclusive Employment Protections and Talking About Transgender-Inclusive NonDiscrimination Laws, available at www.lgbtmap.org and www.glaad.org. Terms to Use •• employment/
workplace/housing protections
•• treating people
fairly and equally
Usage Examples
Terms to Avoid
“This law protects highperforming workers from being unfairly fired just because they’re gay or transgender.”
•• “rights” •• “employment/
“All residents of our state should be treated fairly and equally.”
•• “fighting
housing rights”
discrimination”
Explanation Talking about “rights” in this context can make people think about opponents’ false claims about “special rights.” It can also make people resistant to the idea of non-discrimination protections.
There is a difference between referring to nondiscrimination laws (a term that accurately describes these kinds of laws) and talking about “fighting discrimination,” which is generally unpersuasive and can lead to polarized, partisan reactions.
TALKING ABOUT OPEN MILITARY SERVICE When talking about open military service: •• Focus on how open military service—and ending the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell ban—supports a strong national defense. •• Talk about the shared values that open military service—and military service itself—embodies. For the latest updates on the repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, visit Servicemembers Legal Defense Network (www.sldn.org). For more information, see Talking About Ending Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, available at www.lgbtmap.org and www.glaad.org. Terms to Use •• open military
service (or open service)
•• gay (or gay and
lesbian) service members/troops/ personnel
•• service, duty,
courage, sacrifice, patriotism, honor, integrity
Usage Examples
Terms to Avoid
“Strong majorities of Americans support open military service for gay and lesbian personnel.”
•• “gays in the military” •• “soldiers” (when
“Open military service is about serving one’s country with honor and integrity.”
•• “rights” •• “equality”
broadly referring to the troops)
Explanation The term “soldiers” applies only to personnel serving in the U.S. Army. Use service members, troops, personnel or military personnel to describe those serving throughout our nation’s armed forces. Also, note that Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell and its repeal do not apply to transgender people, who remain barred from service by other regulations. In conversations about military service, talk about the ideas and ideals that Americans associate with our nation’s armed forces. Don’t talk about “rights” in conversations about open military service, which is really about service, duty, courage, sacrifice, patriotism, honor and integrity.
TALKING ABOUT PARENTING & ADOPTION When engaging in conversations about adoption and parenting:
•• Focus on the best interests of children, using the language of everyday family life. Emphasize how caring LGBT parents can provide children with the love, stability, protection, security and guidance they need to succeed.
•• If talking about a proposed ban on adoption by gay parents, focus on three key points: 1. Adoption decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis based on what is in the best interests of the child. 2. Experienced child health and social service authorities should make adoption decisions. 3. All mainstream child authorities and peer-reviewed research on parenting support adoption by gay parents.
•• Remember that research shows that children of gay parents do just fine. There’s a large and growing body of peerreviewed research that examines outcomes for children raised by gay parents. This research consistently concludes that being raised by gay or lesbian parents has no adverse effects on children, and that kids of gay parents are just as healthy and well-adjusted as other children. Also, nearly every credible authority on child health and social services (including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Child Welfare League of America) has determined that a person’s orientation has nothing to do with the ability to be a good parent. For more information, see Talking About Adoption & Gay Parents, available at www.lgbtmap.org and www.glaad.org. Terms to Use •• adoption by lov-
ing, caring parents
•• adoption by gay (or lesbian and gay) parents
•• two moms, two
Usage Examples
Terms to Avoid
“We shouldn’t prevent kids in need of forever homes from being adopted by loving, caring parents who happen to be gay.”
•• “gay adoption” •• “adoption by gay
“This is about creating safe, stable homes for children. It’s about making sure that they have the loving, nurturing environment that allows them to thrive and succeed.”
•• “rights” •• “adoption rights”
couples”
•• “adoption by same-
Explanation Always keep the focus on loving, caring parents. Talking about parents rather than “couples” helps emphasize what adoption means to kids—the chance to find a forever home with loving parents.
sex parents”
dads
This is about:
•• the best interests of children
•• taking care of
and providing for children
•• providing children
Parenting and adoption are about providing security, love and protection for kids. Discussions about parenting and adoption should not focus on “rights” —but rather on how loving, caring LGBT parents can provide children with the love, stability, protection, security and guidance they need to thrive and succeed.
with love, security, stability, and loving, forever homes
•• making adoption
decisions on a case-by-case basis based on the best interests of the child
ABOUT THIS SERIES This is one in a series of documents on effectively talking about LGBT issues, also including: Overall Approaches, Marriage & Relationship Recognition, Inclusive Employment Protections, Inclusive Hate Crimes Laws, Adoption & Gay Parents, Ending Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Talking About LGBT Equality with African Americans, Suicide & LGBT Populations, and an Ally’s Guide to Talking About Transgender-Inclusive Non-Discrimination Laws. For downloadable versions, visit www.lgbtmap.org/ talking-about-lgbt-issues-series or www.glaad.org/talkingabout. © 2011 Movement Advancement Project (MAP).
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